SENSORS/ACTUATORS

INTERNET OF THING (IoT)

Arduino Nano ESP32 - Ethernet

Arduino Nano ESP32 - Relay

You can connect an LED directly to Arduino Nano ESP32 but you cannot connect a high voltage devices (such as an electric lamp, pump, electromagnetic lock, linear actuator, or even a big machine...) directly to Arduino Nano ESP32. We need a relay in between Arduino Nano ESP32 and the high voltage devices. Without relay, the high voltage will destroy Arduino Nano ESP32.

The common between controlling a LED and an electric lamp: Arduino Nano ESP32 code programs the ESP32's output pin to HIGH/LOW to turn THEM on/off .
The difference between controlling a LED and an electric lamp:

Controlling LED: LED can works with 3.3v or lower ⇒ can connect LED directly to ESP32's pin.
Controlling the electric lamp: the electric lamp works with high voltage (e.g. 12V)⇒ CANNOT connect the electric lamp directly to ESP32's pin. It needs to use a relay between ESP32's pin and the electric lamp. If not, Arduino Nano ESP32 will be burned.

Hardware Preparation

1	×	Arduino Nano ESP32
1	×	USB Cable Type-C
1	×	Relay
1	×	LED Strip
1	×	12V Power Adapter
1	×	Breadboard
1	×	Jumper Wires
1	×	(Optional) DC Power Jack
1	×	(Recommended) Screw Terminal Expansion Board for Arduino Nano
1	×	(Recommended) Breakout Expansion Board for Arduino Nano

Or you can buy the following sensor kits:

1	×	DIYables Sensor Kit (30 sensors/displays)
1	×	DIYables Sensor Kit (18 sensors/displays)

Disclosure: Some of the links provided in this section are Amazon affiliate links. We may receive a commission for any purchases made through these links at no additional cost to you.
Additionally, some of these links are for products from our own brand, DIYables.

Overview of Relay

The relay is a programmable switch that can be used to control ON/OFF electrical devices. The relay can be programmatically controlled by Arduino Nano ESP32 ⇒ Arduino Nano ESP32 can control on/off the high voltage devices by using a relay.

Safety first! Safety first!

Please be careful when working with high voltage. Seriously, it may shock you or even take your life. If you’re NOT 100% sure what you are doing, do yourself a favor and don’t touch anything. Ask someone who knows!
Some relays can work with both DC and AC voltage, we extremely recommend you NOT to use AC voltage. Use a DC device (≤24V) only.

Relay Pinout

The relay pins can be categorized two groups: input (low voltage) and output (high voltage).

The input pins: are interfaced to ESP32, including three pins:

DC- pin: connect this pin to GND (0V)
DC+ pin: connect this pin to VCC (5V)
IN pin: receives the control signal from Arduino Nano ESP32

The output pins: are interfaced to high-voltage device, including three pins (usually in screw terminal):

NO pin: Normally Open pin
NC pin: Normally Closed pin
COM pin: the common pin

Normally, we do NOT use all high voltage pins. We usually use only two, depending on the operation mode we choose:

Normally open mode: Use only COM pin and NO pin
Normally closed mode: Use only COM pin and NC pin

Additionally, if the relay supports both LOW and HIGH level triggers, there is usually a jumper to select one of two: LOW level trigger or HIGH level trigger.

※ NOTE THAT:

The pin order of the relay can be different between manufacturers. Please check the labels printed on the relay carefully!

How to Connect the high-voltage Device to Relay

How Relay Works

There are several ways that a relay module can work, depending on our choices.

In the input side, we can choose one of the two below opposite input modes:

LOW level trigger mode
HIGH level trigger mode

In the output side, we can choose one of the two below opposite output modes:

normally open mode
normally closed mode. These modes are the opposite.

The “normally” means “if the IN pin is connected to LOW (0V)”.

Before going into detail, let's see some quick information:

The normally open and normally closed mode work oppositely
The most of relay modules supports both normally open and normally closed mode
The LOW level trigger and HIGH level trigger mode work oppositely
NOT all of relay modules supports both LOW level trigger and HIGH level trigger mode
At a time, The relay module can work at only one of two LOW level trigger and HIGH level trigger mode

The combination of the input modes mode and output modes modes creates many use cases. If you are a beginner, we recommend using HIGH level trigger mode and normally open mode

Because the LOW level trigger and HIGH level trigger mode work oppositely, The next will explain the HIGH level trigger mode in detail. The LOW level trigger works oppositely.

HIGH Level Trigger - Normally Open Mode

Connect the high-voltage device to the COM pin and NO pin. Just like a switch:

If the IN pin is connected to LOW (0V), the switch is open. The device is OFF (or deactivated).
If the IN pin is connected to HIGH (5V or 3.3V), the switch is closed. The device is ON (or activated).

HIGH Level Trigger - Normally Closed Mode

Connect the the high-voltage device to the COM pin and NC pin. Just like a switch:

If the IN pin is connected to LOW (0V) ⇒ The switch is closed ⇒ The device is ON (or activated).
If the IN pin is connected to HIGH (5V or 3.3V) ⇒ The switch is open ⇒ The device is OFF (or deactivated).

Which mode should we use?

⇒ It depends on application.

Normally Open Mode vs Normally Closed Mode

The relay is just like a switch. The below table shows the difference between two modes in HIGH Level Trigger.

	Pins used	IN pin	Relay state	Device state
Normally Open Mode	COM and NO pin	LOW	⇒ open	⇒ OFF
Normally Closed Mode	COM and NC pin	LOW	⇒ closed	⇒ ON
Normally Open Mode	COM and NO pin	HIGH	⇒ closed	⇒ ON
Normally Closed Mode	COM and NC pin	HIGH	⇒ open	⇒ OFF

Arduino Nano ESP32 - Relay

A high-voltage device can be controlled by Arduino Nano ESP32 via a relay.

Controlling a relay is a piece of cake. We just need:

Connect an ESP32's pin to the IN pin of the relay
Control the relay by programming the ESP32's pin to LOW or HIGH

Wiring Diagram

When powering the Arduino Nano ESP32 board via USB port.

This image is created using Fritzing. Click to enlarge image

When powering the Arduino Nano ESP32 board via Vin pin.

This image is created using Fritzing. Click to enlarge image

How To Program Relay using Arduino Nano ESP32

Configure an ESP32's pin to the digital output mode by using pinMode() function. For example, pin D2:

pinMode(D2, OUTPUT);

Program the output pin to LOW (0V) by using digitalWrite() function:

digitalWrite(D2, LOW); // D2

Program the output pin to HIGH (3.3V) by using digitalWrite() function:

digitalWrite(D2, HIGH); // D2

Arduino Nano ESP32 Code

/* * This Arduino Nano ESP32 code was developed by newbiely.com * * This Arduino Nano ESP32 code is made available for public use without any restriction * * For comprehensive instructions and wiring diagrams, please visit: * https://newbiely.com/tutorials/arduino-nano-esp32/arduino-nano-esp32-relay */ #define RELAY_PIN D2 // The Arduino Nano ESP32 pin connected to the IN pin of relay // The setup function runs once on reset or power-up void setup() { // initialize digital pin as an output. pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT); } // The loop function repeats indefinitely void loop() { digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); delay(1000); }

Detailed Instructions

If this is the first time you use Arduino Nano ESP32, see how to setup environment for Arduino Nano ESP32 on Arduino IDE.
Copy the above code and paste it to Arduino IDE.
Compile and upload code to Arduino Nano ESP32 board by clicking Upload button on Arduino IDE
See LED strip state: blinking

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